Synthesis Of Triphenylamine Based Dye And Fabrication Of...

Report for B.Tech Project Synthesis of triphenylamine based dye and fabrication of DSSC device A Project Report Submitted to the Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati As a part of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Technology by Arvindh Sekar Roll No. : 11012206 Statement I hereby declare that the work embodies in this project report titled Synthesis of triphenylamine based dye and fabrication of DSSC device by Arvindh Sekar represents an original work completed under the guidance of Prof. Parameshwar Krishnan Iyer, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati. This work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree. Signature of Student Date: November, 2014 Certificate The work contained in this thesis titled Synthesis of triphenylamine based dye and fabrication of DSSC device by Arvindh Sekar, a student of Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati has been carried out under my supervision. This work has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree. Signature of Project Supervisor Date: November, 2014 Acknowledgement I express my deep gratitude to Prof. Parameshwar Krishnan Iyer for introducing me to the field of organic electronics. I thank him for his guidance and inspiration and for the ideas and suggestion he gave which motivated me to pursue

Similarities Between Buddhism And Islamic Religion

Every religion all together is a large tree. Every religion presented in society is connected to one another, if even in the smallest ways. Buddhism and Islam are religions that demonstrate similarities in ethical standards artistic works despite they emerged 1000 years apart. Buddhism and Islamic artwork expresses similar feelings on icons placed on art, yet these religions have different reasons why. The spread of Buddhism and Islamic religion once illustrated similarities in their artwork however; they began to branch off showing differences. Buddhism is a religion that worships more than one deity or God, which is known as Polytheistic. Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama and assumes that life or death is not set†¦show more content†¦Earliest works avoided depictions of Buddha, like how Islam did with Muhammad. During 2nd century, Buddhism artwork was built with the use of symbols and animals not of figurative imagery. Islam art shows figures of anim als on small figures like that of Buddhism. Buddhism and Islamic art used the idea of symbols to better express their faith in their art. Within earlier periods, Buddhism avoided icons by using symbols to show proper understandings of Buddha’s teachings. Islamic art uses stars and crescents when creating structures for doors windows and more to explain the ways of Allah. The Damascus Room in the Metropolitan Museum of Art shows further evidence of how Islam used symbols in their work. Conch, fish lotus, parasol etc. were all used to create various forms of Buddhism art work like Shankha, used for rituals. To put it another way, both Buddhism and Islamic religions felt strongly that the teachings of both faiths can be expressed with symbols without ruining or replacing the almighty and worshipping false gods. As Buddhism began to spread, the artwork began to show figurative images Buddhism art began to show gods, Buddha, bodhisattva’s history etc. Buddhism art expresses the lives of both history and mythical stories. Regarding the â€Å"The Wheel of Existence† in the Rubin Museum of art shows the development of Buddhism art. This art workShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Islam And Buddhism1231 Words   |  5 PagesIslam and Buddhism In this paper the purpose is to take two religions, to find similarities and differences between the two. The two world religions chosen are Islam and Buddhism, to someone just considering religions, they could be confused, at the surface they could think, that these two religions are so different that one could not find any substantial, and meaningful similarities. Well that thought is a very insider’s view on the facts and histories of religion. as there are differences in eachRead MoreThe Fundamental Principles Of Buddhism And Islam1585 Words   |  7 Pagesgoing to discuss and describe the fundamental principles of Buddhism and Islam, consider the common and distinctive attributes and outline their influence and presence in modern Asia. The notion of religion is the fundamental foundation, and later the central body, for all past, present and future societies and cultures. The majority of the world’s population fabricates their own unique identity through the value s and morals of the religion with which they follow. The present day allows opportunityRead MoreSimilarities between Beliefs and Philosophies from the World1637 Words   |  7 PagesChoice of topic: Religion has always amused me. I have always been curious about the ways of life in a particular religion and their beliefs about God. Point of view has always been important and is supposed to be respected. I was myself involved in many of the family rituals conducted and that always amused me. I come from a family possessing a religious background. I would credit my grandparents for teaching me the Hindu way of life and for teaching to respect other religions and their beliefsRead MoreThe Spread and Localization of Buddhism and Islam into Southeast Asia1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe spread of religion first began through contact with neighbouring countries which gradually expand throughout the years. Buddhism and Islam are one of the most widespread religions across Southeast Asian countries like Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. Trade merchants and imperial support of the religion were major factors in the facilitation and localization of the spread of Buddhism and Islam within Southeast Asia. However, there were also limitations presentedRead MoreChristianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, And Confucianism1472 Words   |  6 PagesReligions have always been extremely varied. This is true due to an ample amount of external factors, such as location. Is it possible that there is at least one universal idea, present in all of them? This is largely a personal interpretation, as â€Å"common ground† (universal ideas) has a large spectrum of meanings, ranging from â€Å"kind of similar if you look at it in the right fashion†, to â€Å"exactly alike†. In any case, there are many examples, and counterexamples of universal ideas between the â€Å"main†Read MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Islam1409 Words   |  6 Pagespeople that role and spread of the religions. Christianity included the individuals of who believe in Jesus Christ. Christians are the flowers of the Christ who often believed is the son of the God (â€Å"the father†); Christians strongly believe that Christ will return after the next life; the end of the world. Islam consists of individuals who believe in Allah, the god teaches the followers who are Muslims. Even though both Christianity and Islam are Abrahamic religions which both of them are mostly monotheisticRead More Religion in India Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesReligion in India What is religion? Religion has always played an important role in man’s existence. It is hard to define religion because every person has, his or her own way of defining religion. For some of us it might be a way of life, which determines what they ear, who their friends are, and it also makes up what culture they follow from day to day. For others, religion simply means going to church or temple and seeing religious festivals. India is the land of culture. This country isRead MoreThe Egyptian Religious Beliefs, Buddhism, Islamic, And Religion1296 Words   |  6 Pages Religion is a simple word that is able to branch out into different definitions. Whether beliefs consist of one God or many, religion was a huge aspect of many cultures everyday life. Religion seemed to be held on a higher pedestal back in the early days of religion, however the fact that many of these religions are still present in today’s history is amazing. Many of these religions actually have a good amount of similarities. Ones they each adopted and changed to better fit their beliefs. BetweenRead MorePrayer and Fasting: Traditions That Cross the Barriar of Religions1441 Words   |  6 Pageshundreds of religions with thousands of traditions and practices. Many of these religions share the same roots, but have diverged so much over the years that the only thing in common is the God they worship. When observing two major religions of India, Hinduism and Buddhism, one can see that there are several similarities, such as the polytheistic worship, but to the uneducated, the two religions may seem very different and distinct with little in common. In fact the major thing that Buddhism has in commonRead MoreBuddhism Vs Christianity Essay example1051 Words   |  5 PagesReligion is a fundamental element of human society. It is what binds a country, society or group of individuals together. However, in some instances it destroys unity amoungst these. Religion is a belief in a superhuman entity(s) which control(s) the universe. Every religion has its differences but most strive for a just life and the right morals. The three major groups are the primal regions which consist of African, Aboriginal and Native American religions, Asian which consist of South Eastern

The Future of Franchise Business in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Future of Franchise Business in Australia. Answer: Introduction The current paper discusses the brief history of the future franchising and its development in Australia. The regulatory framework is reported and is linked to the analysis that is relevant to this research. From the findings, it is understood that the approach is found to be disparate and hoc to the research along with the scoping studies that have been done at the budding stage of the franchise development. There is a significant evidence for this census-style of research which has concluded with the path of the disparate studies by utilizing research methods that are highly sophisticated (Barthlemy, 2008). If the research of franchising has to advance, then it appears that it has to be interfaced with the various other domains of research in the SME and the research on the entrepreneurship. The kind of issues that are subject to the franchising research should be extended. For having the better understanding of the change over time it has, to begin with, the longitudinal studies. In order to enhance the knowledge and understanding to that level of analysis, the studies should be promoted in the direction of sectorial focus. With the volume of the work that is being undertaken the representation of the cross-cultural research should be increased. Literature review As per Bebchuk, the franchising sector of Australia is represented by over 71400 franchise system units that are contributing to around 131 billion dollars in the sales of services and goods to the gross domestic product of Australia every year. In Australia in the past three decades, there is rapid growth in the franchising (Bebchuk, 2007). The body of the research can be contextualizing with the wide range of history about franchising and the regulatory management that is governed with the Australias sector is presented. In this context, the strategic considerations of the research are highlighted with a comprehensive review and the synthesis. Later in the agenda of future research suggestions are put forth (Cochet Garg, 2008). It is evident that prior to 1970 there was franchising to some extent in Australia except for the industries such as product franchising in the petroleum and the motor vehicles. In the year 1960s and 1970s, the trend of fast food franchises like McDonalds and KFC has been introduced. It has begun in the systems that are based locally, which requires further expansion as a result. According to Cavusgil et al, during the year 1970s and the early 1980s because of the increased intensity in the competition of business, it has resulted in the failure path of most of the small and the medium-sized businesses and was stimulated growth in franchising (Cavusgil et al., 2014). This was found to be the alternative that is safe for independent operations, which is a means for the small business people who are new to get benefited from the business systems that are established and a brand name that is recognized. This kind of growth in franchising has been credited for the nonexistence of the dis turbing controls of regulation at the federal or the state level. For, accepting the new ideas and the investments from foreign there was an increasing comfort from the local population and a greater willingness of the Australian citizens (Combs, Ketchen Short, 2011). During the 1980s the franchising continued to grow at an enhanced rate. Hence it has been credited from the financial and the public sectors to an increase in the interest. However, in some of the high-profile franchises, the interest of the media has failed which promoted the questions with respect to the appropriateness of the franchising to be the distribution medium. An experimental study has been conducted by Dant Grnhagen from whom it was found that the survival rates of franchising were found to be greater when compared with the smaller businesses (Dant Grnhagen, 2014). Yet in the consumer protection and the sector regulation, there was a growing interest. In the year 1981, it has led to the formation of the Franchisors Association of Australia because of the calls from the sector regulation of franchising. Later in the year 1993, the membership was extended by the private associations for including the franchises and then it became to be known as the Franchise Association of Australia and the New Zealand. In the year 1998, it has become to known as the Franchise Council of Australia with the growth of the membership and the affiliations from international markets (Davies et al., 2011). The association had the key aims which include representation of the franchisors, the franchises and other related entities of franchising equally which also included the consultants of marketing, the advisors, legal representatives, mediators and the accountants. Parallel to this, the legal framework has undergone some significant development during the same period. However, there is an evidence of little credibility in the literature of franchising which corresponds to the effects of the Franchise regulation of the Australia. There was no particular statute that is governing this sector in pre-1981 apart from the commonwealth Petroleum Retail Franchise Act 1980 (Elenurm, Ennulo Laar, 2007). Hence franchise was highly unregulated during those times. The general laws have bound the franchise investment which is governing to the activity of commercial trading with most of the activities taking place under the section 52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974. From this, the franchise can find an option from the franchisors with regards to the deceptive or the misleading conduct allegedly. The Economic outlook journal which is based on the International Franchise Association reviews about the economic outlook of franchising in the future. From the current journal, the scope found to elaborate the franchise business in near future. The taxation with respect to the franchise businesses is covered and the growth prospects of the different types of businesses of the franchise are explained along with the scope for further expansion. In this report, the first look of the franchise sector outlook of the US economy in the year 2016 has been prepared by the IHS economy with respect to future of the franchise. In the year 2016, the current IHS forecast of the US economy with specific attention towards the economic indicators relating to the economic sector where it has a significant concentration on franchising is summarized. The overview of the estimations and the forecasts regarding the franchising of the 10 business lines has been presented: In the automotive business The services of business Services related to commercial and residential spaces Lodging Personal services Restaurants of quick service Full-fledged service restaurants Real estate Retail food industry Retail services and products Based on the estimations of the year 2015 the initial forecasting of the year 2016 has been reported: Establishment of franchise Employment in franchise Nominal output of franchise The strategic management journal provides the relationship in between the resources of the franchise and the outputs that are produced out of it. There is an extensive research and focus with respect to the leveraging of the resources of the business and the kind of inputs and the business tactics which are indirectly related to the proportions of franchising (Gitman McDaniel, 2007). From this research, it is understood that the most important feature of most of the franchise chains is that they are known to use simultaneously both companies owned outlets and also franchising. In this study, it has been shown that the resources that are provided to the managers of outlets have a relationship with the financial performance with the franchise chain and are dependent on the structure of the governance. The considerations such as specificity, knowledge, and opportunities have seen to prevent the chains from developing the franchised outlets in large proportions from the fully available resources like the name of the brand and the business practices with tactics. While the value of the brand name and the practices of the business tactics are indirectly related to the percentage of the outlet chains that are franchised. It is understood clearly from the quote that is often well-known states that the shareholder franchise is the conceptual strategy that underpins the justice of the directorial power rests. In similar to this the shareholder franchise can be viewed as the key mechanism in making the boards responsible. Another opinion states that if the elected representatives are not pleasing the stockholders in an appropriate manner, then they have the corporate democracy power in turning the board out. Hence, there is no solid foundation provided by the shareholder franchise for the justice of the directorial power which it actually has to supply. Commonly the shareholders will not have all the viable powers for replacing the directors of the private companies. The challenges of conducting the elections are rare and the risks taken for replacing through the false contest is very low. For placing the corporate governance on the solid foundations and to restore the accountability the shareholder franchise should be brought into reality. The main aim of this article is to understand the entrepreneurial orientation of the system of the franchise and its impact on the relationship quality of the franchisor-franchisee. For its independence, it has been given the forces that are conflicting with the standardization or the uniformity and the desire of the franchise. For the future franchise, it has conducted a survey by collecting the data from the sampling of the franchises which are operating in the UK (Kavaliausk? Vaiginien?, 2011). The survey involved the mail questionnaire through the cross-sectional research designs. The hypothesis that is stated in this study was tested with the help of using the regression analysis. From the results, it is evident that the entrepreneurial orientation was positively and suggestively related to the quality of the relationship. In addition to this the relationship quality is found to have the positive impact if the recruitment of the entrepreneurial franchises was done. For encouraging the entrepreneurial activities the structural support systems have been used by the franchisors of the franchise, but it was not found to be reasonable for the relationship between the EO and the relationship quality. It is suggested from the results that the systems which are with EO and the entrepreneurial franchises might enjoy the better relations in the future expansion (Koen, Bertels Elsum, 2011). For many decades, most of the franchising research has leveraged one of the following three theoretical milestones which include the scarcity of resources, agency theory and the symbiosis for answering the queries of franchising. New theories are developed by the current franchising researchers who are investigating the examined aspects of franchising and are exploring on the conceptual factors which will shape its usage (International Franchise Association, 2010). The article that is considered under this special issue is the new directions in the future franchising. Three milestones which form the theoretical foundation have been introduced in the todays new direction which summarizes the issues and its implications and also explains why the entrepreneurship researchers are positioned well in advancing their knowledge of franchising. From the agency theory, it is depicted that franchising is the solution for any kind of agency problem. To monitor the actions of the managers of the company who are working in the distant locations is quite costly. In contrast to this, the franchise contracts will give the franchises the residual chains in the profits of the outlet so they work without requiring any monitoring from the franchisor (International Franchise Association, 2010). The major implications from the observations of Rubins are that franchising has to occur in chains where the decisions quality of the local managers will be hard to evaluate and where the distance location make the direct observation costlier. The literature review and the meta-analysis are in support with the explanations of the agency theory of franchising. Research gaps If the research in this particular area advances, then there would be the need of recognizing the interface with respect to the other domains of research in the SME and the entrepreneurship research. For instance, the significant links are highlighted from the UK studies between the franchising and the small businesses (Dant Grnhagen, 2014). Systematically, the range of issues should be expanded that are subjected to the franchise research, for example for the more complex governance structures that are developed in Australia include the theoretical foundations, adoption of the franchise for the portfolios of brand, merging and acquisition of the investor behavior, etc. which are found to be the initial gaps in the research that have been identified from the articles. Conclusion From the articles, the broad areas of the research have been identified in franchising from all the aspects. There is a gradual shift from the narrow focusing of the businesses to the descriptive and the scoping studies to the excess studies in the different areas from 2000 onwards such as experience internationally, the motivations, knowledge, governance, the service quality, etc. few of which were identified. The censuses surveys were utilized by most of the studies which are based on the case approach and consequently highly advanced method quantitatively have been incorporated into the sector as it matured. References Barthlemy, J. (2008). Opportunism, knowledge, and the performance of franchise chains. Strategic Management Journal, 29(13), 1451-1463 Bebchuk, L. A. (2007). The myth of the shareholder franchise. Virginia Law Review, 675-732 Cochet, O., Garg, V. K. (2008). How do franchise contracts evolve? A study of three German SMEs.Journal of Small Business Management,46(1), 134-151 Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L.,( 2014). International business. Pearson Australia. Combs, J. G., Ketchen Jr, D. J., Short, J. C. (2011). Franchising research: major milestones, new directions, and its future within entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,35(3), 413-425 Dant, R. P., Grnhagen, M. (2014). International franchising research: Some thoughts on the what, where, when, and how. Journal of Marketing Channels, 21(3), 124-132. Davies, M. A., Lassar, W., Manolis, C., Prince, M., Winsor, R. D. (2011). A model of trust and compliance in franchise relationships.Journal of Business Venturing,26(3), 321-340. Elenurm, T., Ennulo, J., Laar, J. (2007). Structures of motivation and entrepreneurial orientation in students as the basis for differentiated approaches in developing human resources for future business initiatives.EBS Review, (23). Gitman, L., McDaniel, C. (2007).The future of business: the essentials. Cengage Learning Kavaliausk?, M., Vaiginien?, E. (2011). Franchise Business Development Model: Theoretical Considerations.Verslas: teorija ir praktika, (4), 323-331 Koen, P. A., Bertels, H. M., Elsum, I. R. (2011). The three faces of business model innovation: challenges for established firms.Research-Technology Management,54(3), 52-59 International Franchise Association. (2010). 2012 Franchise Business Economic Outlook Trappey, C. V., Trappey, A. J. (2015). Collective intelligence applied to legal e-discovery: A ten-year case study of Australia franchise and trademark litigation. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 29(4), 787-798.

The History Of The Internet Analysis Essay Example For Students

The History Of The Internet Analysis Essay The History of the InternetGreg Rice4/25/00The Internet has update the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information distribution, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Over its fifteen year history, the Internet has functioned as a collaboration among cooperating parties. Certain key functions have been critical for its operation, not the least of which is the specification of the protocols by which the components of the system operate. To get to the origins of the Internet, we have to go back in time to 1957. You probably have no cause to remember, but it was International Geophysical Year, a year dedicated to gathering information about the upper atmosphere during a period of intense solar activity. Eisenhower announced in 1955 that, as part of the activities, the USA hoped to launch a small Earth orbiting sate llite. Then Kremlin announced that it hoped to do likewise. Planning in America was focussed on a sophisticated three stage rocket, but in Russia they took a more direct approach, on 4 October 1957 the USSR launched (a 70 kgs bleeping sphere the size of a medicine ball) into Earth orbit. The effect in the United States was electrifying, since it seemed overnight to wipe out the feeling on invulnerability the country had enjoyed since the explosion of the first nuclear bomb thirteen years before. One of the immediate reactions was the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency within the Ministry of Defense. Its mission was to apply state-of-the-art technology to US defense and to avoid being surprised (again!) by technological advances of the enemy. It was also given interim control of the US satellite program until the creation of NASA in October 1958. ARPA became the technological think-tank of the American defense effort, employing directly a couple of hundred top scientis ts and with a budget sufficient for sub-contracting research to other top American institutions. Although the advanced computing would come to dominate its work, the initial focus of ARPAs activities were on space, ballistic missiles and nuclear test monitoring. Even so, from the start ARPA was interested in communicating between its operational base and its sub-contractors, preferably through direct links between its various computers. In October 1972 ARPANET went public. At the First International Conference on Computers and Communication, held in Washington DC, ARPA scientists demonstrated the system in operation, linking computers together from 40 different locations. This stimulated further research in scientific community throughout the Western World. Soon other networks would appear. We will write a custom essay on The History Of The Internet Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Here we have the first true computer network. Since it is all still fairly basic, it is worth considering the underlying principles have basically remained the same (even if they, mercifully, operate far faster and look much prettier). We start off with a passive terminal and an active host, a keyboard and a computer. They are linked together by a cable. By typing in commands recognized by a computer, you can use the programs stored in its computer, access its files (and modify them and print them out as desired). Most people can envisage this arrangement within a single building, or complex of buildings. The original ARPANET grew into the Internet. The Internet was based on the idea that there would be multiple independent networks of rather arbitrary design, beginning with the ARPANET as the pioneering packet switching network, but soon to include packet satellite networks, ground-based packet radio networks and other networks. The Internet as we now know it embodies a key underlyi ng technical idea, namely that of open architecture networking. In this approach, the choice of any individual network technology was not dictated by a particular network architecture but rather could be selected freely by a provider and made to interwork with the other networks through a meta-level Internetworking Architecture. Up until that time there was only one general method for federating networks. This was the traditional circuit switching method where networks would interconnect at the circuit level, passing individual bits on a synchronous basis along a portion of an end-to-end circuit between a pair of end locations. Recall that Kleinrock had shown in 1961 that packet switching was a more efficient switching method. Along with packet switching, special purpose interconnection arrangements between networks were another possibility. While there were other limited ways to interconnect different networks, they required that one be used as a component of the other, rather than acting as a peer of the other in offering end-to-end service. .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 , .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 .postImageUrl , .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 , .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140:hover , .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140:visited , .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140:active { border:0!important; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140:active , .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140 .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99e32508a4d599e383d57cda71334140:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Family Values EssayIn order to access another computer, at a completely different facility, we have first to reach it. This was usually done in these times over a (high speed) telephone line (or lines). Once you arrive at the new host you have to convince it to treat you in the same way as someone behind a terminal within its own system. Hence the need of an interface message processor (IMP) and for the same IMP to be installed in both computers! Now you can access its files. Of course, order to preserve confidentiality, all computers differentiated between open files and those that were password protected. So far, the nets development was almost entirely science-led. All this time, however, we must remember that parallel advances in computer capacities and speeds (not to mention the introduction of glass-fiber cables into communications networks) were enabling the system to expand. This expansion, in its turn, started to produce supply constraints, which stimulated further advances. By the early 1980s, when the internet proper started operation, it was already beginning to face problems created by its own success. First, there were more computer hosts linked to the net than had originally been envisaged (in 1984 the number of hosts topped 1000 for the first time) and, second, the volume of traffic per host was much larger (mainly because of the phenomenal success of e-mail). Increasingly predictions were voiced that the entire system would eventually grind to a halt. The World Wide Web is a network of sites that can be searched and retrieved by a special protocol known as a Hypertext Transfer protocol (HTTP). The protocol simplified the writing of a ddresses and automatically searched the internet for the address indicated and automatically called up the document for viewing. Designed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee and scientists at CERN (Geneva), the European center for High Energy Physics, who were interested in making easier to retrieve research documentation. A year later he had developed a browser/editor program and had coined the name World Wide Web as a name for the program. The program is released free on an ftp site. This doesnt sound very dramatic but anyone used to the hassle of getting documents previously will testify that it represented a major leap forward. Once the entire dial- and retrieve-language had been simplified, the next step was to design an improved browser, a system which allowed the links to be hidden behind text (using a Hypertext Markup Language, HTML) and activated by a click with the mouse. The Internet has become a test bed for development of other protocols. Since there was no lower level OSI infrastructure available, Marshall Rose proposed that the Internet could be used to try out X.400 and X.500. In RFC 1006, he proposed that we emulate TP0 on top of TCP, and so there was a conscious decision to help higher-level OSI protocols to be deployed in live environments before the lower-level protocols were available. It seems likely that the Internet will continue to be the environment of choice for the deployment of new protocols and for the linking of diverse systems in the academic, government, and business sectors for the remainder of this decade and well into the next. ;#61623; The Internet Activities Board, Vinton Cerf ; May 1990;#61623; Charter of the Internet Architecture Board; C. Huitema; Mar. 1994. ;#61623; The Internet Standards Process Revision 3; S. Bradner; 9 Oct. 1996. Category: Technology